Ours is an adversarial legal system; the French and others have a magistrate system

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Charge Stacking

Charge stacking is just what it sounds like.  Let’s say a defendant appears to have committed a crime; let’s say mortgage fraud.  The prosecutor doesn’t charge him with just mortgage fraud.  He’ll add a couple of conspiracy charges and maybe a charge each of wire fraud and mail fraud.  The defendant is now facing 50 years in prison, rather than five.  So, what does the magnanimous prosecutor do?  He offers to drop all the other charges if the defendant pleads guilty to the original charge of mortgage fraud.  It’s no wonder there are so many innocent people in prison. Most people wouldn’t risk 50 years in prison if they can accept a plea, get a sentence of two years, and make the whole thing go away.

Venue Shopping

Jeffrey Sterling in 2016. (Eleivy, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons)

Venue shopping is another nice trick.  Prosecutors will seek to charge a defendant in the federal district where he or she is most likely to be convicted.  CIA whistleblower Jeffrey Sterling is a great example of venue shopping. Jeffrey blew the whistle on racial discrimination at the CIA, as well as an illegal program targeting the Iranian nuclear program.  He was accused of passing classified information to then-New York Timesreporter James Risen, who then used the information in a book.  Risen lived in Maryland and worked in Washington, D.C., at the time.  Sterling lived and worked in St. Louis.  But he was prosecuted in the Eastern District of Virginia, known as the “espionage court” because no national security defendant has ever won a case there. 

Prosecutors knew that Sterling couldn’t win there, so they had a secretary buy Risen’s book at a Barnes & Noble in Arlington, Virginia. Bingo.  They had a “crime” committed in the Eastern District.  (The feds argued that because Risen’s book contained classified information, its very existence was a crime. The secretary’s purchase of the book, by this logic, caught Sterling in the act of passing the information to the secretary through the book in Virginia and committing espionage, the charge against him.)

Sterling insisted on his innocence and he decided to go to trial. He was convicted of nine felonies, including seven counts of espionage.  He is finally out of prison and still maintains his innocence. But the prosecutors got their scalp.

The system is broken and there’s no easy fix.  Ours is an adversarial legal system.  The French and others have a magistrate system where the courts investigate crimes and work with the defendant’s attorneys to get the truth.  If the person is guilty, the two sides work together to come up with the fairest and most just solution.  But in an adversarial system, one side wins and one side loses.  That’s why Robert Jackson’s words are so important. Remember the power and authority of the prosecutor.  And until we see real, systemic changes in our justice system, we can only keep our fingers crossed.

[Former Attorney General and Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson warned us in 1940 that cases like Flynn’s would become the norm: 

Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson.(Harris & Ewing, U.S. Library of Congress, Wikimedia Commons)

“The prosecutor has more control over life, liberty, and reputation that any other person in America.  His discretion is tremendous.  He can have citizens investigated and, if he is that kind of person, he can have this done to the tune of public statements and veiled or unveiled intimations.  Or the prosecutor may choose a more subtle course and simply have a citizen’s friends interviewed.  The prosecutor can order arrests, present cases to the grand jury in secret session, and on the basis of his one-sided presentation of the facts, can cause the citizen to be indicted and held for trial.  He may dismiss the case before trial, in which case the defense never has a chance to be heard.  Or he may go on with a public trial.  If he obtains a conviction, the prosecutor can still make recommendations as to sentence, as to whether the prisoner should get probation or a suspended sentence, and after he is put away, as to whether he is a fit subject for parole. While the prosecutor at his best is one of the most beneficent forces in our society, when he acts from malice or other base motives, he is one of the worst.”]

John Kiriakou is a former CIA counterterrorism officer and a former senior investigator with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. John became the sixth whistleblower indicted by the Obama administration under the Espionage Act — a law designed to punish spies. He served 23 months in prison as a result of his attempts to oppose the Bush administration’s torture program.

https://consortiumnews.com/2020/05/27/john-kiriakou-michael-flynn-the-fbi-setup/